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miércoles, 2 de octubre de 2013

Reenv: BONOBO SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Filters: Free full text ava - PubMed




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PubMed Results
Items 1 - 5 of 5    (Display the 5 citations in PubMed)

1. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e55206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055206. Epub 2013 Jan 30.

Bonobos respond to distress in others: consolation across the age spectrum.

Clay Z, de Waal FB.

Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. zannaclay@emory.edu

Abstract

How animals respond to conflict provides key insights into the evolution of socio-cognitive and emotional capacities. Evidence from apes has shown that, after social conflicts, bystanders approach victims of aggression to offer stress-alleviating contact behavior, a phenomenon known as consolation. This other-orientated behavior depends on sensitivity to the other's emotional state, whereby the consoler acts to ameliorate the other's situation. We examined post-conflict interactions in bonobos (Pan paniscus) to identify the determinants of consolation and reconciliation. Thirty-six semi-free bonobos of all ages were observed at the Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary, DR Congo, using standardized Post-conflict/Matched Control methods. Across age and sex classes, bonobos consoled victims and reconciled after conflicts using a suite of affiliative and socio-sexual behaviors including embracing, touching, and mounting. Juveniles were more likely to console than adults, challenging the assumption that comfort-giving rests on advanced cognitive mechanisms that emerge only with age. Mother-reared individuals were more likely to console than orphans, highlighting the role of rearing in emotional development. Consistent with previous studies, bystanders were more likely to console relatives or closely bonded partners. Effects of kinship, affiliation and rearing were similarly indicated in patterns of reconciliation. Nearby bystanders were significantly more likely to contact victims than more distal ones, and consolation was more likely in non-food contexts than during feeding. The results did not provide convincing evidence that bystander contacts served for self-protection or as substitutes for reconciliation. Overall, results indicate that a suite of social, developmental and contextual factors underlie consolation and reconciliation in bonobos and that a sensitivity to the emotions of others and the ability to provide appropriate consolatory behaviors emerges early in development.

PMCID: PMC3559394 Free PMC Article
PMID: 23383110 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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2. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52767. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052767. Epub 2012 Dec 26.

The right time to happen: play developmental divergence in the two Pan species.

Palagi E, Cordoni G.

Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy. betta.palagi@museo.unipi.it

Abstract

Bonobos, compared to chimpanzees, are highly motivated to play as adults. Therefore, it is interesting to compare the two species at earlier developmental stages to determine how and when these differences arise. We measured and compared some play parameters between the two species including frequency, number of partners (solitary, dyadic, and polyadic play), session length, and escalation into overt aggression. Since solitary play has a role in developing cognitive and physical skills, it is not surprising that chimpanzees and bonobos share similar developmental trajectories in the motivation to engage in this activity. The striking divergence in play developmental pathways emerged for social play. Infants of the two species showed comparable social play levels, which began to diverge during the juvenile period, a 'timing hotspot' for play development. Compared to chimpanzees, social play sessions in juvenile bonobos escalated less frequently into overt aggression, lasted longer, and frequently involved more than two partners concurrently (polyadic play). In this view, play fighting in juvenile bonobos seems to maintain a cooperative mood, whereas in juvenile chimpanzees it acquires more competitive elements. The retention of juvenile traits into adulthood typical of bonobos can be due to a developmental delay in social inhibition. Our findings show that the divergence of play ontogenetic pathways between the two Pan species and the relative emergence of play neotenic traits in bonobos can be detected before individuals reach sexual maturity. The high play motivation showed by adult bonobos compared to chimpanzees is probably the result of a long developmental process, rooted in the delicate transitional phase, which leads subjects from infancy to juvenility.

PMCID: PMC3530486 Free PMC Article
PMID: 23300765 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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3. Sci Rep. 2012;2:291. doi: 10.1038/srep00291. Epub 2012 Mar 1.

Communication during sex among female bonobos: effects of dominance, solicitation and audience.

Clay Z, Zuberbühler K.

School of Psychology, University of St Andrews. St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK. zannaclay@emory.edu

Abstract

Bonobo females frequently form close bonds, which give them social power over other group members. One potential mechanism to facilitate female bonding is the performance of sexual interactions. Using naturalistic observations and experiments, we found various patterns that determined female-female sexual interactions. First, while low-ranked females interacted with all females, sexual interactions between high-ranked females were rare. Second, during genital contacts, females sometimes produced 'copulation calls', which were significantly affected by the rank of the caller and partner, as well as the solicitation direction. Third, there was a significant effect of the alpha female as a bystander, while variables relating to physical experience had no effects. Overall, results highlight the importance of sexual interactions for bonobo female social relations. Copulation calls are an important tool during this process, suggesting that they have become ritualised, beyond their reproductive function, to serve as broader social signals in flexible and potentially strategic ways.

PMCID: PMC3291041 Free PMC Article
PMID: 22389761 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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4. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 1;5(9). pii: e12482. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012482.

Y chromosomal variation tracks the evolution of mating systems in chimpanzee and bonobo.

Schaller F, Fernandes AM, Hodler C, Münch C, Pasantes JJ, Rietschel W, Schempp W.

Institute of Human Genetics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. werner.schempp@uniklinik-freiburg.de

Erratum in

  • PLoS One. 2010;5(11). doi: 10.1371/annotation/14d47e6a-400a-429e-a487-6dd375e04632.

Abstract

The male-specific regions of the Y chromosome (MSY) of the human and the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) are fully sequenced. The most striking difference is the dramatic rearrangement of large parts of their respective MSYs. These non-recombining regions include ampliconic gene families that are known to be important for male reproduction,and are consequently under significant selective pressure. However, whether the published Y-chromosomal pattern of ampliconic fertility genes is invariable within P. troglodytes is an open but fundamental question pertinent to discussions of the evolutionary fate of the Y chromosome in different primate mating systems. To solve this question we applied fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) of testis-specific expressed ampliconic fertility genes to metaphase Y chromosomes of 17 chimpanzees derived from 11 wild-born males and 16 bonobos representing seven wild-born males. We show that of eleven P. troglodytes Y-chromosomal lines, ten Y-chromosomal variants were detected based on the number and arrangement of the ampliconic fertility genes DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) and CDY (chromodomain protein Y)-a so-far never-described variation of a species' Y chromosome. In marked contrast, no variation was evident among seven Y-chromosomal lines of the bonobo, P. paniscus, the chimpanzee's closest living relative. Although, loss of variation of the Y chromosome in the bonobo by a founder effect or genetic drift cannot be excluded, these contrasting patterns might be explained in the context of the species' markedly different social and mating behaviour. In chimpanzees, multiple males copulate with a receptive female during a short period of visible anogenital swelling, and this may place significant selection on fertility genes. In bonobos, however, female mate choice may make sperm competition redundant (leading to monomorphism of fertility genes), since ovulation in this species is concealed by the prolonged anogenital swelling, and because female bonobos can occupy high-ranking positions in the group and are thus able to determine mate choice more freely.

PMCID: PMC2931694 Free PMC Article
PMID: 20824190 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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5. PLoS One. 2009 Oct 28;4(10):e7595. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007595.

Fellatio by fruit bats prolongs copulation time.

Tan M, Jones G, Zhu G, Ye J, Hong T, Zhou S, Zhang S, Zhang L.

Guangdong Entomological Institute, Guangzhou, China.

Abstract

Oral sex is widely used in human foreplay, but rarely documented in other animals. Fellatio has been recorded in bonobos Pan paniscus, but even then functions largely as play behaviour among juvenile males. The short-nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx exhibits resource defence polygyny and one sexually active male often roosts with groups of females in tents made from leaves. Female bats often lick their mate's penis during dorsoventral copulation. The female lowers her head to lick the shaft or the base of the male's penis but does not lick the glans penis which has already penetrated the vagina. Males never withdrew their penis when it was licked by the mating partner. A positive relationship exists between the length of time that the female licked the male's penis during copulation and the duration of copulation. Furthermore, mating pairs spent significantly more time in copulation if the female licked her mate's penis than if fellatio was absent. Males also show postcopulatory genital grooming after intromission. At present, we do not know why genital licking occurs, and we present four non-mutually exclusive hypotheses that may explain the function of fellatio in C. sphinx.

PMCID: PMC2762080 Free PMC Article
PMID: 19862320 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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